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Berlin is pursuing ambitious plans for security and defence, with significant potential for the Bundeswehr and European partner militaries. In the long-term, the Bundeswehr could well become Europe's indispensable army, with Germany as a "framework nation" contributing decisively to NATO's readiness. This will require the future German government to accept an unaccustomed politico-military leadership role. It will also be necessary to increase defence spending for the long term. (author's abstract)

Berlin verfolgt in der Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik ambitionierte Pläne, die erhebliches Potential für die Bundeswehr und ihre europäischen Partnerarmeen besitzen. Die Bundeswehr könnte langfristig zu einem Rückgrat europäischer Sicherheit werden, Deutschland als "Rahmennation" elementar zur Handlungsfähigkeit der Nato beitragen. Dies erfordert von der künftigen Bundesregierung die Bereitschaft, eine politisch-militärische Führungsrolle im Bündnis anzunehmen. Dabei wird es wohl auch nötig sein, langfristig die Verteidigungsausgaben weiter zu erhöhen. (Autorenreferat)

Berlin is pursuing ambitious plans for security and defence, with significant potential for the Bundeswehr and European partner militaries. In the long-term, the Bundeswehr could well become Europe's indispensable army, with Germany as a 'framework nation' contributing decisively to NATO's readiness. This will require the future German gov-ernment to accept an unaccustomed politico-military leadership role. It will also be necessary to increase defence spending for the long term.

Can Germany lead on security? This article aims to address this question by looking at recent German contributions to European defence cooperation. In 2013 Germany introduced the Framework Nations Concept (FNC) as a systematic and structured approach towards joint capability development. The concept relies on the idea that bigger nations take the overall responsibility for coordinating the contributions of smaller partners in a capability package. The framework nation model as such is not new but the initiative has been welcomed as a potential game changer in European defence cooperation and as confirmation of Germany's commitment to NATO. In light of the Ukraine crisis, measures to adapt NATO and to strengthen the European pillar of the alliance have become more urgent. Allies and partners increasingly want Germany to extend its role as Europe's dominant economic and financial power to matters of security and defence. The framework nation model allows Germany to take international responsibility, while avoiding debates about leadership and hegemony. Moreover, as a framework nation, Germany can advance flexible cooperation among a smaller number of allies without undermining its commitment to multilateralism. But the FNC initiative also raises further questions: what is the added value of the framework nation model compared to similar formats; what should be the place of smaller groupings in the evolving Euro-Atlantic security architecture; and how reliable is Germany in the role of a lead nation? (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

Berlin verfolgt in der Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik ambitionierte Pläne, die erhebliches Potential für die Bundeswehr und ihre europäischen Partnerarmeen besitzen. Die Bundeswehr könnte langfristig zu einem Rückgrat europäischer Sicherheit werden, Deutschland als 'Rahmennation' elementar zur Handlungsfähigkeit der Nato beitragen. Dies erfordert von der künftigen Bundesregierung die Bereitschaft, eine politisch-militärische Führungsrolle im Bündnis anzunehmen. Dabei wird es wohl auch nötig sein, langfristig die Verteidigungsausgaben weiter zu erhöhen.

With the Framework Nations Concept, which it introduced to NATO in 2013, Germany attempted to bring the topic of defence cooperation among NATO countries once more to the foreground. The development of multinational units would, in theory, increase sustainability and help preserve military key capabilities. Smaller armies could plug their remaining capabilities into an organizational backbone provided by a larger, "framework" nation. Politically, the concept represents a step towards transatlantic burden sharing. As the initiator of the concept, Germany must now not only show that the well understood obstacles to defence cooperation can be overcome; it must above all else reduce scepticism among those who would like to cooperate, but doubt Berlin's reliability as a military partner. (SWP Comments)

After several years of reducing of the Czech defence budget there is a reversal and the Czech MoD begins to manage the increased budget especially for Czech Armed Forces capability development. The Czech Armed Forces is for many years actively involved in the process sharing multi-national capabilities of NATO. Among the former activities such as Smart Defence and Connected Forces Initiative, is also initiative Framework Nations Concept. This article analyzes the overall framework of this initiative, direction and development of this concept.

With the Framework Nations Concept, which it introduced to NATO in 2013, Germany attempted to bring the topic of defence cooperation among NATO countries once more to the foreground. The development of multinational units would, in theory, increase sustainability and help preserve military key capabilities. Smaller armies could plug their remaining capabilities into an organizational backbone provided by a larger, "framework" nation. Politically, the concept represents a step towards transatlantic burden sharing. As the initiator of the concept, Germany must now not only show that the well understood obstacles to defence cooperation can be overcome; it must above all else reduce scepticism among those who would like to cooperate, but doubt Berlin's reliability as a military partner. (author's abstract)

Mit dem Rahmennationen-Konzept, das es 2013 in der Nato vorgestellt hat, will Deutschland das Thema Verteidigungskooperation unter den europäischen Nato-Staaten wieder in den Fokus rücken. Der Aufbau multinationaler Verbände soll die Durchhaltefähigkeit erhöhen und helfen, militärische Schlüsselfähigkeiten zu erhalten. Die Idee ist, dass kleinere Armeen ihre wenigen verbliebenen Fähigkeiten an eine große Rahmennation andocken, die das organisatorische Rückgrat bildet. Politisch stellt das Konzept einen Beitrag zur transatlantischen Lastenteilung dar. Deutschland muss nun als Initiator dieses Plans nicht nur zeigen, dass sich damit die bekannten Probleme der Verteidigungskooperation überwinden lassen. Es muss vor allem die Skepsis jener Partner abbauen, die an Berlins Zuverlässigkeit als militärischer Partner zweifeln. (Autorenreferat)

Recy & DepoTech 2018, 7-9. Nov. 2018, Leoben ; The demand for resources is on a growth trend. It is likely that future supply will be dominated by primary raw materials and complemented by an increasing share of secondary raw materials. The utilization of second-ary raw materials conserves geogenic deposits and their production is of-ten less energy intensive than primary raw material production. Utilizing secondary raw materials effectively requires knowledge about the availa-bility under varying socioeconomic and political conditions. This knowledge is partly available but it is not grounded on a standard frame-work. This impedes comparisons across commodities and time. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) through the Expert Group on Resource Classification (EGRC) has now filled this gap by extending the application of the United Nations Framework Classifica-tion for Resources (UNFC) to anthropogenic resources. New specifica-tions have been developed that define the terminology and principles for categorizing anthropogenic material quantities at the source of supply. The categorization respects three key criteria. First, the level of confi-dence on the knowledge about the anthropogenic resource and its re-trievable quantities, second, the project status and feasibility, and third, the socioeconomic viability. Classifying anthropogenic resources based on the UNFC provides coun-tries, companies, financial institutions and other stakeholders information for sustainable development of anthropogenic resource endowments. It facilitates the development of recovery projects in public-private partner-ships where politics and administration set the legal and financial bounda-ry conditions and the industry provides the capabilities for implementing recovery projects. It also facilitates the planning of national resource sup-ply with consideration of primary and secondary raw materials. ; 1

This article examines the development of nation brand strategy framework for Zimbabwe. The submission is based on the analysis of factors perceived to impact on nation branding programmes. This research aim to contribute towards the development of effective nation branding discourse and practice in Zimbabwe. Specifically, the article was premised on the quest to 1) determine key determinants for the development of Brand Zimbabwe; 2) to ascertain the relative significance of the various facets of national branding practice; and 3) to propose an integrated conceptual framework for nation branding initiatives. The study was designed to follow a mixed approach; a combination of interpretivism and positivism. A total of 372 respondents was drawn from across the society. Respondents came from politicians, scholars, the media, civic organisations, government officials, church and international organisations. This research established that Brand Zimbabwe requires an independent body to integrate all key stakeholders for an effective branding process. The nation branding process should be managed from visioning, formulation through to deployment and monitoring and control of nation brand performance. Zimbabwe's quest for foreign direct investment, international visitation and export revenue requires that the country develops an integrated strategy to deal with its nation brand image question.